An addendum to my earlier post:
"Capitalism" denotes "capital".
"Capital" comes from savings.
Even if one were to 'borrow' "capital" (such as when you're applying for a car loan or a home loan) - that amount that you're 'borrowing' has to come from "somewhere". 'The Bank' (or 'Mortgage company" or whoever) is able to "lend" you the money because other folks have SAVINGS with the bank/institution.
SAVINGS come from productive work - i.e. You earned $200 instead of $100 this week. Instead of spending it all, you chose to save for rainy day/car purchase/house payment/buying jewelry for spouse/whatever. The idea is the same - you held onto your 'excess' income for anticipated future needs...
That's how a bank works - people deposit their savings in their account(s), the bank lends this money out (to home owners, car owners etc.) on interest. As interest payments come in, bank account holders are credited.
Based on prevalent market conditions, banks and individuals assess their own risk and consign their monies accordingly - some resort to keeping the bills under their mattress... some invest... some just chose to buy bonds etc.
THAT's how it works in a free market. The MARKET sets the "rate", the MARKET decides 'risk'... the 'Invisible Hand' affects it all.
HOWever,
We have not had a 'free market' in quite a while. In fact, ever since the Federal Reserve came into being, 'free markets' literally stopped to exist. The FED was "ostensibly" constituted to bring about 'stability in the economy'... but since it's inception, there have been more "booms and busts" (of greater magnitude no less) in one century than our entire history put together!
For those of you whole STILL think that the Government and the Federal Reserve "saved us" from the Great Depression - please listen to the words of Ben Bernanke himself:
Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna (Friedman*): Regarding the Great Depression. You're right, we did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again.
Link
Ladies and gentlemen, "money" is more than just the 'paper' it's printed on. Just because you have a piece of paper saying "$100" doesn't mean it's 'worth 100 dollars' --- common sense, right?
So what is "money"? What does all them notes in your wallet signify?
In ancient times, money didn't exist. This is how the 'market' worked:
A corn grower said to a chicken farmer: "I'll give you 20 bales of corn for 10 chicken".
The chicken farmer in turn said: Nah. I'll give you 10 chickens for 15 bales of corn".
Usually, the two haggled the price to something both parties could accept.
As society advanced, simple barter became cumbersome. So men thought of a better system:
"I'll give you five pieces of bronze for your 2 chicken".
The chicken farmer then took the 5 pieces of bronze to the rice farmer and said "I'll give you 3 pieces of bronze for a bag of rice".
The rice farmer took the 3 pieces.... and so on and so forth.
Soon, bronze evolved to a more rare element - gold. Soon, the market place looked like this:
"10 chickens for one ounce of gold."
OR
"2 bags of rice for one ounce of gold".
Etc.
People were trading commodities but measuring the worth through a stable medium - gold. Why is it "stable" you ask? Because there is only a finite amount of gold... and it has always had it's own "value".
But soon, this too became a little cumbersome - carrying around large quantities of precious metal was difficult to do. So, man came up with another idea...
Banker: "You deposit your gold with me, I'll keep them safe and I shall issue notes guaranteeing them."
Customer: "Great. Here I have 100 ounces of gold."
Banker: "Here you go - I have issued you 100 notes, each worth 1 ounce of gold."
This brought about two things:
1. The "customer" no longer has to lug around his life savings/worth with him. He has a "promissory note" from the "Banker" (each worth 1 ounce of gold). So, if he goes to the market and decides to buy 5 chickens for 2 ounces of gold - rather than forking over the gold itself, he hands over the promissory note from the banker. The chicken farmer accepts the note - with the understanding that when he presents them to the Banker, he will receive his "2 ounces of gold".
That's what a "promissory note" means - and it's exactly what is implied by the expression on every Federal Reserve Note (a.k.a. paper dollars)... "This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private". Some countries and their central banks are even bolder - they state "I promise to pay the Bearer the sum of XYZ" (where XYZ is the amount and the currency stated on the note).
2. The Banker now has a 'surplus' amount of Gold (a.k.a. "savings" from his "customers"). So he decides to say: "Hey, anyone want to buy a home? I'll lend you a kilo of gold, so long as you promise to repay me a 'x rate/month'. And if you fail to repay me 4 months in a row, your property becomes mine.
Deal?"
This is how our "paper money" system started out. And it was dependent on the "Banker". Let me simplify it as I can:
You remember how the "Banker" started out by saying "you let me keep your gold and I'll issue you notes saying you have XYZ gold with me" ???
And also how the same Banker began using the savings to extend 'credit' ???
At this point, the system made sense. People worked hard, earned an income, deposited their savings with a bank; the bank subsequently lent the savings out at interest, and eventually 'spread' the earned interest amongst it's depositors.
Some folks were bold enough to invest their "savings" in the stock market. This was back in the days when stock investments actually PAID dividends ... (how many folks even know that term right now and the implication thereoff???)
But then came the FED and turned everything upside down.
"Spending" rather than "saving" was the 'new mantra' of the economy. How often have you heard it being expressed by politicians? "Go out and spend. It'll help the economy..." ???
Well, it DOES work, in the short term.
But what about the long term??
The US has been a net "debtor" nation for a long time now (since end of WWII) - and we're surviving on the sole reason that other nations are willing to purchase our Bonds/Debt.
To put it in more recognizable terms --- "We here in the US are currently enjoying the lifestyle we lead, because our currency and debt is being purchased through the savings of the millions of Chinese workers through their "Central Bank". In other words - we're enjoying our profligate lifestyle at the expense of Chinese savings... since we in the US have next to no 'savings' to speak off!!!
One just needs to ask - "what if the Chinese decide to stop funding our gluttony" ???
- R.
* Edited to add "Friedman" to provide context to the quote.