Possible Scots-Irish Etymology
The word "redneck" was first cited in Scotland. In Scotland, the National Covenant and The Solemn League and Covenant (a.k.a. Covenanters) signed documents stating that Scotland desired a Presbyterian Church Government, and rejected the Church of England as their official church. Many of the Covenanters signed these documents using their own blood, and many in the movement began wearing red pieces of cloth around their neck to signify their position to the public. They were referred to as Rednecks. These Scottish Presbyterians migrated from their lowland Scottish home to Ulster (the northern province of Ireland) during the 17th Century and soon settled in considerable numbers in North America across the 18th Century. Some immigrated directly from Scotland to the American colonies in the late 18th and early 19th-centuries as a result of the Lowland Clearances. One etymological theory holds that since many Scots-Irish Americans who settled in Appalachia and the South were Presbyterian, the term was bestowed upon them and their descendants.
Possible American Etymology
Popular etymology says that the term derives from such individuals having a red neck caused by working outdoors in the sunlight over the course of their lifetime. The effect of decades of direct sunlight on the exposed skin of the back of the neck not only reddens fair skin, but renders it leathery and tough, and typically very wrinkled and spotted by late middle age.
“Rednecks” are largely descendants of the Ulster-Scots and Lowland Scots immigrants who travelled to North America from Northern Ireland and Scotland in the late 17th and 18th centuries. The Ulster-Scots had historically settled the major part of Ulster province in northern Ireland, after previous migration from the Scottish Lowlands and Border Country. These pioneering people and their descendants are known in North America as the Scots-Irish. The "Celtic Thesis" of Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney holds that they were basically Celtic (as opposed to Anglo-Saxon), and that all Celtic groups (Scots Irish, Scottish, Welsh and others) were warlike herdsmen, in contrast to the peaceful farmers who predominated in England.
In Colonial times, they were often called "Rednecks" and "crackers" by English neighbors. As one wrote, "I should explain ... what is meant by Crackers; a name they have got from being great boasters; they are a lawless set of rascalls on the frontiers of Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia, who often change their places of abode."
“Rednecks,” and especially Tennesseeans, are known for their martial spirit. Tennessee is known as the "Volunteer State" for the overwhelming, unexpected number of Tennesseans who volunteered for duty in the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Texas Revolution (including the defense of the Alamo), and especially the Mexican War. During the Civil War, poor whites did most of the fighting and the dying on both sides of the conflict. Although poor southern whites stood to gain little from secession, and were usually ambivalent to the institution of slavery, they were fiercely defensive of their territory and loyal to their homes and families.
"Redneck" is a term for those of Southern or Appalachian rural poor backgrounds, or more loosely, rural poor to working-class persons of rural extraction. (Appalachia also includes large parts of Pennsylvania, New York and other states) Within that group, however, it is used to describe the more downscale members. Rednecks span from the poor to the working class.
Usage of the term "Redneck" generally differs from "Hick" and "Hillbilly", because "Redneck(s)" reject or resist assimilation into the dominant culture, while "Hicks" and "Hillbillies" theoretically are isolated from the dominant culture. It is used both as a term of pride and as a derogatory epithet; sometimes to paint country people and/or their lifestyle as being low class. In recent years, members of the American Left from the West Coast and New England have taken to calling Christian Conservatives as "Rednecks" presumably as some sort of insult. This practice succeeds in insulting both Rednecks and Christian Conservatives, but is grossly inaccurate based on the pro-labor, anti-establishment, anti-hierarchy religious orientation of traditional Rednecks.
Humor / Satire
In the 1990s, when Jeff Foxworthy drawled "you might be a redneck …" he was not only needling folks who (in his priceless formulation) had ever fought over an inner tube. In one of his stand-up routines, Foxworthy sums up the condition as "a glorious absence of sophistication." According to University of Georgia professor James C. Cobb, "Now, feeling relatively secure and closer to the mainstream, they rebel against acting respectable, embracing this counterculture hero—the 'redneck' who is what he is, and doesn't give a damn what anybody thinks."
The stereotypical redneck lives in a trailer or old weatherbeaten farm house in a rural area, and drives an old, large, beat-up pickup truck, possibly adorned with the Confederate Battle Flag, with a gun rack in the rear window. He may wear a "Wifebeater" (a white sleeveless undershirt), or a farmer t-shirt. He also wears blue jeans, a baseball or trucker hat. The jeans of redneck men often have a permanent circle on the back-pocket from carrying a can of dipping tobacco, such as Skoal or Copenhagen. Their hair is often worn in the mullet style, or in a military-style haircut. He is also prone to swearing, perhaps not as much as the stereotypical Yankee, but more than other Southerners, Mountaineers, or Appalachians.
A redneck is stereotypically imagined as consuming mass produced American beer such as Budweiser or Miller by the case. Other beverages might include Moonshine, Pabst Blue Ribbon, as well as Jack Daniel's whiskey.
Stereotypical hobbies include hunting, fishing, riding 4-wheelers, and watching professional wrestling, Stock car racing, and monster truck rallies. Rednecks are characteristically fond of repairing car engines and collecting junked cars on their lawns.
Country and Southern Rock bands such as Lynyrd Skynyrd, the Allman Brothers, and ZZ Top figure in as their preferred genre of music. Redneck men also listen to Hard Rock and Metal such as Ted Nugent, Alice In Chains, Pantera, AC/DC, Led Zeppelin, David Lee Roth era Van Halen, Deep Purple, Black Sabbath, Ratt, Motörhead, Bad Company, and Guns N' Roses.
Redneck females are sometimes portrayed as sexually promiscuous. "Daisy dukes" are a name for the extremely small shorts worn by the character "Daisy Duke" on the popular television program (and 2005 film) The Dukes of Hazzard.
Rednecks are often portrayed as lacking education or being ignorant. However, they usually have enough common sense to outwit their adversaries.
Urban Rednecks
Although the idea of an Urban Redneck would at first seem an oxymoron, they do exist and are actually quite common. There are basically three different kinds of Urban Rednecks.
* The Transplanted Redneck is found in urban centers all over the world. His job or his dreams have forced him to leave his native community in search of new opportunities. The Transplanted Redneck remains true to himself and his culture, despite immersion in the urban landscape. A transplanted redneck, or pair of rednecks, may raise a family in the city and retain their redneck characteristics for several generations.
* The Poser is found all over North America, but is especially concentrated in cities in the Southern United States, Nevada and Utah. These individuals may have no Redneck roots, or even be a transplanted Yankee, but either seek acceptance in their new homes, or have vastly distorted perceptions of the social norms in their adopted communities. The Urban Cowboy phenomenon that started in the 1980s is characterized by individuals in full country & western garb, that have never even been near a horse.
* The Postmodern Redneck is also found all over North America. The Postmodern Redneck may, or may not, have Redneck roots. As opposed to "The Poser", the Postmodern Redneck has experienced a philosophical transformation in which he rejects modernism and urbanity, in favor of simpler more genuine way of life. The Postmodern Redneck is often an educated professional who owns guns, hunts wild game, and isn't afraid to get his hands dirty changing oil or cleaning a stable.